.\"
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.\"
.TH TSH 1 "March 28, 2019" "etsh-5.4.0" "General Commands Manual"
.SH NAME
tsh \- Thompson shell (command interpreter)
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B tsh
[\fB\-\fR |
\fB\-c\fR [\fIstring\fR] |
\fB\-t\fR |
\fIfile\fR [\fIarg1 ...\fR]]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B Tsh
is a port of the
standard command interpreter from Version 6 (V6) UNIX.
It may be used either as an interactive shell
or as a non-interactive shell.
Throughout this manual,
`(+)' indicates those cases where
.B tsh
is known to differ from the original
.IR sh (1),
as it appeared in Version 6 (V6) UNIX.
.PP
The options are as follows:
.TP
.B \-
The shell reads and executes command lines
from the standard input until
end-of-file or
.BR exit .
.TP
\fB\-c\fR [\fIstring\fR]
If a
.I string
is specified,
the shell executes it
as a command line and exits.
Otherwise,
the shell treats it as the
.B \-
option.
.TP
.B \-t
The shell reads a single line from the standard input,
executes it as a command line,
and exits.
.PP
The shell may also be invoked non-interactively
to read, interpret, and execute an ASCII command file.
The specified
.I file
and any arguments
are treated as positional parameters
(see
.I "Parameter\ substitution"
below)
during execution of the command file.
.PP
Otherwise,
if no arguments are specified and if both
the standard input and standard error are
connected to a terminal,
the shell is interactive.
An interactive shell prompts a regular user
with a `%\ ' or with a `#\ ' for the superuser
before reading each command line from the terminal.
.SS Metacharacters
A
.I "syntactic metacharacter"
is any one of the following:
.PP
.RS 6
\fB|\fR
\fB^\fR
\fB;\fR
\fB&\fR
\fB(\fR
\fB)\fR
\fB<\fR
\fB>\fR
\fBspace\fR
\fBtab\fR
.RE
.PP
When such a character is unquoted,
it has special meaning to the shell.
The shell uses it to separate words
(see
.I Commands
and
.I "Command\ lines"
below).
A
.I "quoting metacharacter"
is any one of the following:
.PP
.RS 6
\fB"\fR
\fB'\fR
\fB\\\fR
.RE
.PP
See
.I "Quoting"
below.
The
.I "substitution metacharacter"
is a:
.PP
.RS 6
\fB$\fR
.RE
.PP
See
.I "Parameter\ substitution"
below.
Finally,
a
.I "pattern metacharacter"
is any one of the following:
.PP
.RS 6
\fB*\fR
\fB?\fR
\fB[\fR
.RE
.PP
See
.I "File\ name\ generation"
below.
.SS Commands
Each command is a sequence of non-blank command arguments,
or words,
separated by one or more blanks (\fBspaces\fR or \fBtabs\fR).
The first argument specifies the name of a command to be executed.
Except for certain special arguments described below,
the arguments other than the command name are passed
without interpretation to the invoked command.
.PP
If the first argument names a special command,
the shell executes it (see
.I "Special\ commands"
below).
Otherwise,
the shell treats it as an external utility or command,
which is located as follows.
.PP
(+) \fBtsh\fR expects to find its external utilities
(\fBglob\fR, \fBif\fR, \fBgoto\fR, and \fBfd2\fR)
in the \fI/usr/local/libexec/etsh-5.4.0/tsh\fR directory,
not by searching the environment variable PATH.
Notice that these external utilities are special to the shell
and are required for full functionality.
.PP
(+) Otherwise,
if the command name contains no `/' characters,
the sequence of directories in the environment variable PATH
is searched for the first occurrence
of an executable file by that name,
which the shell attempts to execute.
However,
if the command name contains one or more `/' characters,
the shell attempts to execute it without
performing any PATH search.
.PP
(+) If an executable file does not begin with
the proper magic number or a `#!shell' sequence,
it is assumed to be an ASCII command file,
and a new shell is automatically invoked to execute it.
The environment variable EXECSHELL
specifies the shell which is invoked
to execute such a file.
.PP
If a command cannot be found or executed,
a diagnostic is printed.
.SS Command lines
Commands separated by \fB|\fR or \fB^\fR constitute a chain of
.IR filters ,
or a
.IR pipeline .
The standard output of each command but the last
is taken as the standard input of the next command.
Each command is run as a separate process, connected
by pipes (see
.IR pipe (2))
to its neighbors.
.PP
A
.IR "command\ line" ,
or
.IR list ,
consists of one or more pipelines separated,
and perhaps terminated by \fB;\fR or \fB&\fR.
The semicolon designates sequential execution.
The ampersand designates asynchronous execution,
which causes the preceding pipeline to be executed
without waiting for it to finish.
The process ID of each command in such a pipeline is reported,
so that it may be used if necessary for a subsequent
.IR kill (1).
.PP
A list contained within parentheses such as
.BI ( " list " )
is executed in a subshell and may appear
in place of a simple command as a filter.
.PP
If a command line is syntactically incorrect,
a diagnostic is printed.
.SS Termination reporting
All terminations other than exit and interrupt
are considered to be abnormal.
If a sequential process terminates abnormally,
a message is printed.
The termination report for an asynchronous process
is given upon execution of the first
sequential command subsequent to its termination,
or when the
.B wait
special command is executed.
The following is a list of the possible
termination messages:
.PP
.nf
	Hangup
	Quit
	Illegal instruction
	Trace/BPT trap
	IOT trap
	EMT trap
	Floating exception
	Killed
	Bus error
	Memory fault
	Bad system call
	Broken pipe
.fi
.PP
For an asynchronous process,
its process ID is prepended to the appropriate message.
If a core image is produced,
`\ \-\-\ Core\ dumped' is appended
to the appropriate message.
.SS I/O redirection
Each of the following argument forms
is interpreted as a
.I redirection
by the shell itself.
Such a redirection may appear anywhere among
the arguments of a simple command,
or before or after a parenthesized command list,
and is associated with that command or command list.
.PP
A redirection of the form \fB<\fR\fIarg\fR causes the file \fIarg\fR
to be used as the standard input (file descriptor 0)
for the associated command.
.PP
A redirection of the form \fB>\fR\fIarg\fR causes the file \fIarg\fR
to be used as the standard output (file descriptor 1)
for the associated command.
If \fIarg\fR does not already exist, it is created;
otherwise, it is truncated at the outset.
.PP
A redirection of the form \fB>>\fR\fIarg\fR is the same as \fB>\fR\fIarg\fR,
except if \fIarg\fR already exists the command output is
always appended to the end of the file.
.PP
For example, either of the following command lines:
.PP
.nf
	% date >index.txt ; pwd >>index.txt ; ls \-l >>index.txt
	% ( date ; pwd ; ls \-l ) >index.txt
.fi
.PP
creates on the file `index.txt',
the current date and time,
followed by the name and a long listing
of the current working directory.
.PP
A \fB>\fR\fIarg\fR or \fB>>\fR\fIarg\fR redirection associated with any
but the last command of a pipeline is ineffectual,
as is a \fB<\fR\fIarg\fR redirection with any but the first.
.PP
The standard error (file descriptor 2)
is never subject to redirection by the shell itself.
Thus,
commands may write diagnostics to a location
where they have a chance to be seen.
However,
.IR fd2 (1)
provides a way to redirect the diagnostic output
to another location.
.PP
If the file for a redirection cannot be opened or created,
a diagnostic is printed.
.SS Quoting
The shell treats all
.I quoted
characters literally,
including characters which have
special meaning to the shell
(see
.I Metacharacters
above).
If such characters are quoted,
they represent themselves and may be passed
as part of arguments.
.PP
Individual characters, and sequences of characters,
are quoted when enclosed by a matched pair of
.I double
(\fB"\fR) or
.I single
(\fB'\fR) quotes.
For example:
.PP
.nf
	% awk '{ print NR "\\t" $0 }' README ^ more
.fi
.PP
causes
.IR awk (1)
to write each line from the `README' file,
preceded by its line number and a tab,
to the standard output which is piped to
.IR more (1)
for viewing.
The outer single quotes prevent the shell from trying
to interpret any part of the string,
which is then passed as a single argument to awk.
.PP
An individual
.I backslash
(\fB\\\fR) quotes,
or
.IR escapes ,
the next individual character.
A backslash followed by a newline is a special case
which allows continuation of command-line input
onto the next line.
Each backslash-newline sequence in the input
is translated into a blank.
.PP
If a double or single quote appears
but is not part of a matched pair,
a diagnostic is printed.
.SS Parameter substitution
When the shell is invoked as a non-interactive command,
it has additional string processing capabilities
which are not available when it is interactive.
A non-interactive shell may be invoked
as follows:
.PP
.nf
	\fBtsh\fR \fIname\fR [\fIarg1 ...\fR]
.fi
.PP
If the first character of
.I name
is not
.BR \- ,
it is taken as the name of an ASCII
.IR "command file" ,
or
.IR "shell script" ,
which is opened as the standard input
for a new shell instance.
Thus,
the new shell reads and interprets command lines
from the named file.
.PP
Otherwise,
.I name
is taken as one of the shell options,
and a new shell instance is invoked
to read and interpret command lines
from its standard input.
However,
notice that the
.B \-c
option followed by a
.I string
is the one case where
the shell does not read and interpret command lines
from its standard input.
Instead,
the string itself is taken as a command line
and executed.
.PP
In each command line,
an unquoted character sequence of the form \fB$\fR\fIN\fR,
where
.I N
is a digit,
is treated as a
.I "positional parameter"
by the shell.
Each occurrence of a positional parameter in the
command line is substituted with the value of the
\fIN\fRth argument to the invocation of the shell
(\fIargN\fR).
\fB$\fR\fI0\fR is substituted with
.IR name .
.PP
In both interactive and non-interactive shells,
\fB$$\fR is substituted with the process ID of
the current shell.
The value is represented as a 5-digit ASCII string,
padded on the left with zeros when the process ID
is less than 10000.
.PP
All substitution on a command line is performed
.I before
the line is interpreted.
Thus,
no action which alters the value of any parameter
can have any effect on a reference to that parameter
occurring on the
.I same
line.
.PP
A positional-parameter value may contain
any number of metacharacters.
Each one which is
.IR unquoted ,
or
.IR unescaped ,
within a positional-parameter value retains
its special meaning when the value is substituted
in a command line by the invoked shell.
.PP
Take the following two shell invocations for example:
.PP
.nf
	% tsh \-c '$1' 'echo Hello World! >/dev/null'
	% tsh \-c '$1' 'echo Hello World! \\>/dev/null'
	Hello World! >/dev/null
.fi
.PP
In the first invocation,
the \fB>\fR in the value substituted by \fB$\fR\fI1\fR
retains its special meaning.
This causes all output from
.IR echo (1)
to be redirected to \fI/dev/null\fR.
However,
in the second invocation,
the meaning of \fB>\fR is
.I escaped
by \fB\\\fR
in the value substituted by \fB$\fR\fI1\fR.
This causes the shell to pass `>/dev/null'
as a single argument to echo instead of interpreting
it as a redirection.
.SS File name generation
Prior to executing an external command,
the shell scans each argument for
unquoted \fB*\fR, \fB?\fR, or \fB[\fR characters.
If one or more of these characters appears,
the argument is treated as a
.IR pattern ,
and the shell uses
.IR glob (1)
to search for file names which
.I match
it.
Otherwise,
the argument is used as is.
.PP
The meaning of each pattern character is as follows:
.IP o 4
The \fB*\fR character in a pattern matches any string of
characters in a file name (including the null string).
.IP o
The \fB?\fR character in a pattern matches any single character
in a file name.
.IP o
The \fB[...]\fR brackets in a pattern specifies a class of characters
which matches any single file-name character in the class.
Within the brackets,
each character is taken to be a member of the class.
A pair of characters separated by an unquoted \fB\-\fR specifies
the class as a range which matches each character lexically
between the first and second member of the pair, inclusive.
A \fB\-\fR matches itself when quoted or when first or last
in the class.
.PP
Any other character in a pattern matches itself in a file name.
.PP
Notice that the `.' character at the beginning of a file name,
or immediately following a `/',
is always special in that it must be matched explicitly.
The same is true of the `/' character itself.
.PP
If the pattern contains no `/' characters,
the current directory is always used.
Otherwise,
the specified directory is the one obtained by taking the pattern
up to the last `/' before the first unquoted \fB*\fR, \fB?\fR, or \fB[\fR.
The matching process matches the remainder of the pattern
after this `/' against the files in the specified directory.
.PP
In any event,
a list of file names is obtained from the current
(or specified) directory which match the given pattern.
This list is sorted in ascending ASCII order,
and the new sequence of arguments
replaces the given pattern.
The same process is carried out for each
of the given pattern arguments;
the resulting lists are
.I not
merged.
Finally,
the shell
attempts to execute the command
with the resulting argument list.
.PP
If a pattern argument refers to
a directory which cannot be opened,
a `No\ directory' diagnostic is printed.
.PP
If a command has only
.I one
pattern argument,
a `No\ match' diagnostic is printed if it fails
to match any files.
However,
if a command has more than one pattern argument,
a diagnostic is printed only when they
.I all
fail to match any files.
Otherwise,
each pattern argument failing to match
any files is removed from the argument list.
.SS End of file
An end-of-file in the shell's input
causes it to exit.
If the shell is interactive,
this means it exits by default when
the user types an EOT (^D) at the prompt.
If desired,
the user may change or disable
interactive shell EOT exit behavior with
.IR stty (1).
.SS Special commands
The following commands are special in that they are
executed by the shell without creating a new process.
.TP
\fB:\fR [\fIarg ...\fR]
Does nothing and sets the exit status to zero.
.TP
\fBchdir\fR \fIdir\fR [\fI...\fR]
Changes the shell's current working directory to
.IR dir .
.TP
.B exit
Causes the shell to cease execution of a file.
This means exit has no effect at the prompt
of an interactive shell.
.TP
\fBlogin\fR [\fIarg ...\fR]
Replaces the current interactive shell with
.IR login (1).
.TP
\fBnewgrp\fR [\fIarg ...\fR]
Replaces the current interactive shell with
.IR newgrp (1).
.TP
.B shift
Shifts all positional-parameter values to the
left by 1,
so that the old value of \fB$\fR\fI2\fR becomes the new
value of \fB$\fR\fI1\fR and so forth.
The value of \fB$\fR\fI0\fR does not shift.
.TP
.B wait
Waits for all asynchronous processes to terminate,
reporting on abnormal terminations.
.SS Signals (+)
If the shell is interactive,
it ignores the SIGINT, SIGQUIT, and SIGTERM
signals (see
.IR signal (3)).
However,
if the shell is invoked with
any option argument,
it only ignores SIGINT and SIGQUIT.
.PP
If SIGINT, SIGQUIT, or SIGTERM is already ignored
when the shell starts,
it is also ignored by the current shell and all of its
child processes.
Otherwise,
SIGINT and SIGQUIT are reset to the
default action for sequential child processes,
whereas SIGTERM is reset to the default action
for all child processes.
.PP
For any signal not mentioned above,
the shell inherits the signal action (default or ignore)
from its parent process and passes it to its child processes.
.PP
Asynchronous child processes always ignore
both SIGINT and SIGQUIT.
Also,
if such a process has not redirected its
input with a \fB<\fR, \fB|\fR, or \fB^\fR,
the shell automatically redirects it to come from
.IR /dev/null .
.SH "EXIT STATUS (+)"
The exit status of the shell is generally that of
the last command executed prior to end-of-file or
.BR exit .
.PP
However,
if the shell is interactive and detects an error,
it exits with a non-zero status if the user
types an EOT at the next prompt.
.PP
Otherwise,
if the shell is non-interactive and is reading
commands from a file,
any shell-detected error causes the shell
to cease execution of that file.
This results in a non-zero exit status.
.PP
A non-zero exit status returned by the shell
itself is always one of the values described
in the following list,
each of which may be accompanied
by an appropriate diagnostic:
.TP
2
The shell detected a syntax, redirection,
or other error not described in this list.
.TP
125
An external command was found
but did not begin with the proper
magic number or a `#!shell' sequence,
and a valid shell was not specified by
EXECSHELL with which to execute it.
.TP
126
An external command was found
but could not be executed.
.TP
127
An external command was not found.
.TP
>128
An external command was terminated by a signal.
.SH "ENVIRONMENT (+)"
Notice that the concept of `user environment'
was not defined in Version 6 (V6) UNIX.
Thus,
use of the following environment variables
by this port of the shell is an enhancement:
.TP
.B EXECSHELL
If set to a non-empty string,
the value of this variable is taken as the
path name of the shell which is invoked to
execute an external command when it does not
begin with the proper magic number
or a `#!shell' sequence.
.TP
.B PATH
If set to a non-empty string,
the value of this variable is taken as the
sequence of directories used
by the shell to search for external commands.
Notice that the Version 6 (V6) UNIX
shell always used the equivalent of `.:/bin:/usr/bin',
not PATH.
.TP
.B TES
The shell sets TES in the environment in order to
convey the current tsh\ exit\ status to
the user as an unsigned decimal integer.
The exit status was always here before.
It was simply not conveyed directly,
via `$?' for example,
requiring the user to find another way to see it.
.PP
.RS 7
NOTE: `$?' is not available here now, as it would be incompatible with the original V6 Thompson shell.
.RE
.SH FILES
.TP
.I /dev/null
default source of input for asynchronous processes
.SH "SEE ALSO"
awk(1),
echo(1),
env(1),
etsh(1),
expr(1),
fd2(1),
glob(1),
goto(1),
grep(1),
if(1),
kill(1),
login(1),
newgrp(1),
stty(1)
.PP
Etsh home page:
https://etsh.nl/
.PP
`The UNIX Time-Sharing System' (CACM, July, 1974):
.PP
.nf
	https://etsh.nl/history/unix/
.fi
.PP
gives the theory of operation of both the system and the shell.
.SH HISTORY
A
.B sh
command
appeared as
.I /bin/sh
in Version 1 (V1) UNIX.
.PP
The Thompson shell
was used as the standard command interpreter
through Version 6 (V6) UNIX.
Then,
in Version 7 (V7) UNIX,
it was replaced by the Bourne shell.
However,
the Thompson shell
was still distributed with the system as
.B osh
because of known portability problems
with the Bourne shell's memory management
in Version 7 (V7) UNIX.
.SH AUTHORS
This port of the Thompson shell is derived from
Version 6 (V6) UNIX /usr/source/s2/sh.c,
which was principally written by Ken Thompson of Bell Labs.
Jeffrey Allen Neitzel
.RI < jan@etsh.nl >
ported and maintains it as
.IR tsh (1).
.SH LICENSE
See either the LICENSE file which is distributed with
.B etsh
or
https://etsh.nl/license/
for full details.
.SH CAVEATS
Since
.B tsh
does not read any startup files,
it should not be added to the shell database
(see
.IR shells (5))
unless the system administrator is willing
to deal with this fact.
.PP
.B Tsh
has no facilities for setting, unsetting, or otherwise
manipulating environment variables within the shell.
This must be accomplished by using other tools such as
.IR env (1).
.PP
Like the original,
.B tsh
is not 8-bit clean as it uses the high-order bit
of characters for quoting.
Thus,
the only complete character set it can handle
is 7-bit ASCII.
.PP
Notice that certain shell oddities were historically
undocumented in this manual page.
Particularly noteworthy is the fact that there
is no such thing as a usage error.
Thus,
the following shell invocations are perfectly valid:
.PP
.nf
	tsh \-cats_are_nice!!! ': "Good kitty =)"'
	tsh \-tabbies_are_too!
	tsh \-s
.fi
.PP
The first two cases correspond to the
.B \-c
and
.B \-t
options
respectively;
the third case corresponds to the
.B \-
option.
.SH BUGS
The shell makes no attempt to recover from
.IR read (2)
errors and exits
if this system call fails.
.SH "SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS"
This port of the Thompson shell does not support set-ID execution.
If the effective user (group) ID of the shell process is not equal
to its real user (group) ID when an instance of it starts up,
the shell prints the following diagnostic and exits with
a non-zero status.
.PP
.nf
	Set-ID execution denied
.fi
.PP
If the shell did support set-ID execution,
it could possibly allow a user to violate the
security policy on a host where the shell is used.
For example,
if the shell were running a setuid-root command file,
a regular user could possibly invoke an interactive
root shell as a result.
.PP
This is
.I not
a bug.
It is simply how the shell works.
Thus,
.B tsh
does not support set-ID execution.
This is a proactive measure to avoid problems,
nothing more.